Introduction

Solar electric systems are a popular choice among renewable energy options due to the relatively low maintenance requirements and the long lifetime of many of the system components. Because there are no moving parts, and thus little chance of mechanical failure, most solar electric systems will continue to produce power for 30 years or more!

Although some smaller solar electric systems can be relatively straightforward to install, many people choose to hire installers. Regardless of whether you plan to install an cabin system yourself or have a contractor install a system, you will benefit from understanding and properly maintaining each component in your system.

Photovoltaic Modules aka Solar Panels, Solar Electric Panels or PV Modules

PV Modules

Photovoltaic (PV) modules are known as solar panels or solar electric panels. We’ll be using the terms interchangeably throughout this article although “PV Module” is the more technically correct terminology.

Solar panels provide electricity from sunlight. They are typically made of silicon crystal slices called cells, glass, a polymer backing, and aluminum framing. Solar panels can vary in type, size, shape, and color. In most cases the size of a PV module refers to the panel’s rated output wattage or electricity generating potential. Solar panels also have voltage ratings. Those with of 12 or 24 Volts are generally preferred for off-grid systems with battery banks. Other solar panels come in less common nominal voltages such as 18, 42, and even 60 Volts. These modules are typically used in grid-tied applications to accommodate the working of grid-tied inverters. Solar panels can be used alone or combined into arrays by wiring them in or in to achieve the needed . The price of most large residential or commercial PV modules can range between .20 and .40 per rated watt.

Balance of System (BOS)

In PV system terminology, everything besides the PV modules themselves is called balance of system or BOS. We’ll go over the main BOS components below, one at a time, in the direction of electricity flow through a typical system.

Solar Panel or PV Module Mounting Systems

Side-of-Pole Mount for Solar Panel or PV Module

Solar panel mounting systems include hardware to permanently affix the array to either a roof, a pole, or the ground. These systems are typically made of aluminum and are selected based on the specific model and number of modules in the array as well as the desired physical configuration. Solar Panels work best at cooler temperatures, and proper mounting allows for cooling airflow around the modules. For all locations, wind loading is an installation factor, and it is extremely important to design and pour the cement foundation properly for any pole mount. are a pole mount option to increase energy production by moving the array to face it into the sunlight as the sun moves across the sky. A solar array on a tracker will produce more energy than a fixed array. Trackers are often used in water pumping applications. The cost of a tracker can be significant, and due to the possibility of breakdown, they are best recommended to the mechanically inclined. The cost of a mounting system varies based on the number of modules and type of mount. The average cost is between 0 and ,000 for a fixed array and ,000 and up for a solar tracker. Another cost-estimating factor for mounting racks is [POST CONTENT].50 to .00 per rated array Watt.

Combiner Box

Midnight PV3 Combiner Box

A combiner box is an often-overlooked, yet essential part of most solar electric systems. The combiner box is an electrical enclosure which allows multiple of solar panels to be combined in parallel. For example, if you want to wire together two 12 Volt panels for your 12 Volt system, you will wire each panel’s output directly to terminals inside the combiner box. From the combiner box you can then run just one positive and one negative wire (in appropriate conduit) to the next system component, the charge controller. The combiner box will also house series string fuses or circuit breakers. These boxes are usually outdoor-rated, and meant for placement right next to the array or solar panels. Combiner boxes usually cost between and 0 USD.

Solar Charge Controllers

C40 Charge Controller

Every solar electric system with batteries should have a solar charge controller. A charge controller regulates the amount of current the PV modules feed into a battery bank. Their main function is to prevent overcharging of the batteries, but charge controllers also block battery bank current from leaking back into the photovoltaic array at night or on cloudy days, draining the battery bank.

The two main types are PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) and MPPT ( Tracking). PWM technology is older and more commonly used on smaller solar arrays. Choose a PWM charge controller that is the same as your solar array and battery bank. The controller must also have enough capacity (in rated Amps) to handle the total current of the solar array safely. MPPT charge controllers can track the maximum power point of a solar array and deliver 10-25% more power than a PWM controller could do for the same array. They do this by converting excess voltage into usable current. Another feature of MPPT charge controllers is their ability to accept higher voltage from the solar array for output to a lower voltage battery bank. Charge controllers typically cost between and 0 depending on size, type and features.

Batteries for Solar Electric Systems

Deep Cycle Battery

Batteries chemically store electrical energy in renewable energy systems. They come in several voltages, but the most common varieties are 6 Volt and 12 Volt. The three types of batteries that are most common to RE systems are:

Flooded Lead-Acid Batteries (FLA) Sealed Absorbed Glass Mat Batteries(AGM) Sealed Gel Cell Batteries

Flooded lead-acid batteries are the most cost-effective variety. They require maintenance that involves monitoring voltage, adding water, and occasional . Additionally, FLA batteries vent hydrogen under heavy charging so they must be stored in a ventilated enclosure. Because of the maintenance issues of FLAs, some people prefer sealed batteries, which don’t require maintenance. Since they are sealed, they do not require watering, nor do they typically vent any gasses. AGM batteries cost more and are more sensitive to overcharging than FLAs.  Gel Cell batteries are similar to AGMs in that they are also sealed and therefore do not require maintenance, but tend to be the most expensive of the three types. The useful life of all battery types is measured in rather than units of time. is directly related to number of charge cycles possible: the deeper you drain batteries each time you use them, the fewer charge cycles you will get from them. Sealed batteries tend not to last as long as flooded batteries. Well-maintained FLAs can last as long as ten years, with sealed batteries lasting closer to five years. Other factors to keep in mind are that some of these batteries weigh over 200 pounds and, depending upon capacity,  can cost anywhere from to 00 each. So, given the maintenance issues, weight and expense, consider your energy storage needs very carefully. Planning for five days of battery storage for your system may not be your best option!

Solar Grid Tie and Off-Grid Inverters

Solectria Inverter on a Prewired Power Panel

An inverter takes (DC) from batteries and turns it into (AC) which is used to run most common electrical loads. There are two main classes of inverters, or grid-capable and , standalone units.

Off-grid inverters require batteries for storage. Straight grid-tied inverters don’t use batteries and grid-capable inverters can work either with or without batteries depending on system design. There is a wide range of available inverter features suited to differing system needs and situations. Some inverters have integrated AC chargers so that they can use AC power from the grid to charge the batteries during periods of low sun. Inverters with integrated AC chargers can also be used in conjunction with fossil fuel-based generators for battery charging or running very large loads. Off-grid inverters meant for whole-home usage must have appropriate conduit boxes and accessories that enclose all live wiring. Usually, whole-home inverters are rated to produce 2,000 Watts continuous power or more. Off-grid inverters come in two flavors: those producing current and those producing current. Some appliances (compressors or other inductive loads) and many sensitive electronics (cordless battery chargers, computers, stereos, etc.) will not function properly on modified sine wave power. Off-grid inverters can cost anywhere between 0 to ,000 depending on size and type.

A straight grid-tied inverter connects directly to the utility grid without the use of batteries. With these inverters, when the grid goes down the PV system also goes down to protect service linemen from injury due to unexpected live lines during outages. A grid-capable inverter can both connect to the grid and use batteries, which allows for the possibility of back-up power during outages. Grid-connected inverters also generally produce 2,000 Watts or more and cost about ,000 to ,000.

DC and AC Disconnects

Disconnects

No code-compliant system can live without disconnects! The DC and AC disconnects of a PV system are manual switches that are capable of cutting off power to and from the inverter. Some inverters have disconnects with switches integrated into their structure. Other systems use an integrated power panel to support the inverter(s) and their associated disconnects in an organized arrangement. In still other cases, you will need to purchase the appropriate disconnects separately to work with an inverter. The disconnects are used by service personnel or authorized persons (fire/police/electric workers) to stop power from a renewable energy system reaching the inverter. (Don’t forget that there are capacitors in most inverters that can hold a lethal charge for up to several minutes after incoming current is cut off! Consult the inverter manual for safe access times.) Disconnection prevents the current being produced from going beyond the disconnect point to a downed utility grid or damaged component. Homeowners or authorized personnel can use disconnects to de-energize a system for maintenance or service. Disconnects can range in cost from 0 to 0.

Miscellaneous Components

Cables, connectors, conduit and brackets — oh my! This category includes everything you need to connect all the parts together safely and securely. As with most specialized technologies, there are many parts and tools involved in the proper installation of a safe and effective PV system. It is the responsibility of the installer to have a thorough understanding of them and of all the rules and regulations pertaining to solar electric installations (NEC Section 690 is key here). Gaining the knowledge needed to design and install a safe, efficient system not only ensures that your system will meet your needs effectively but also keeps you and your home safe and helps to promote the acceptance of renewable energy as a mainstream energy source.

Conclusion

We are thrilled that you are pursuing a PV system. Whether you choose to install the system on your own or whether you hire a professional installer, please be sure to adhere to National Electric Code for safety. Several PV installation Books, Classes & Educational Videos make great references as well.

Books on PV

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Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels use solar cells to convert light from the sun directly into electricity. At Innovative Solar Solutions, we carry and stock most of the major brands, including Sharp Solar, Kyocera Solar, BP Solar, Evergreen Solar, SolarWorld, Kaneka, Uni-Solar, Suntech , Sanyo, Day4 and OEM Solar modules.

The three most common types of solar panels are Monocrystalline, Polycrystalline, and Amorphous:

Monocrystalline – made from a single large crystal, cut from ingots. Most efficient, but also the most expensive. Somewhat better in low light conditions.

Polycrystalline – cast blocks of silicon which may contain many small crystals, the most common type right now. Slightly less efficient than single crystal, but once set into a frame with 35 or so other cells, the actual difference in watts per square foot is not much.

Amorphous (also called thin film) – the silicon is spread directly on large plates or flexible laminates.They are cheaper to produce, but often much less efficient, which means larger panels for the same power. Uni-Solar is one example.

The differences between the two module types – crystalline and amorphous- really show up in their sunlight-to-electricity conversion efficiencies and power densities. Crystalline modules require less space than thin-film modules for the same amount of powera€”thin-film is less efficient in the conversion of sunlight to electricity.

Single- and multicrystalline modules have typical conversion efficiencies between 12% and 17%. But thin-film technologies can have half that, ranging from 6% to 8%. Thinfilm modules take up about twice as much space to generate an equivalent amount of energy compared to crystalline
modules.

Besides power density, there are two key differences in performance between crystalline and thin-film technologies. The first is impact of cell temperature on power production. The second is initial module power stabilization.

All PV modules experience a reduction in power with increasing cell temperature. For example, at 100°F, our sample crystalline module will produce approximately 6% less power than its STC rating. This effect is less pronounced for thin-film PV technologiesa€”our example a-Si thin-film module would produce only 2% less power. While you can reduce cell temperature by allowing adequate air flow around any module, PV cells sitting out in the sun will still get hota€”so thin-film a-Si modules might be a good choice for warm climates, especially if there’s plenty of room for the larger array.

Amorphous silicon modules take 6 to 12 months to reach their stable, rated output, whereas crystalline modules stabilize right away. So a-Si modules will show 20% to 25% higher-than-rated production at first. While that sounds like a bonus, this initial additional output must be considered in system design (for selecting wire sizes, charge controllers, and inverters). For example, if the final design indicates a 15 A circuit, the initial extra output might require accommodating 20 A. After this stabilization, thin-film modules degrade at similar rates to crystalline, about 0.5% to 1.0% per year.

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How to Install the Solar Panel Safely?

Solar panel come in various sizes to satisfy a full range of applications. Each Solar panel is made of crystalline-silicon cells. To protect the cells from the most severe-environmental conditions, Solar panel are made of high transmission rate and low iron tempered glass, anti-aging encapsulation material, and high climate resistant and insulation back sheet by hot lamination, with anodized aluminum alloy frame and junction box.Solar panel are reliable, virtually maintenance free power supply, designed to operate efficiently in sunlight. By Solar panel, the solar radiant energy is transformed into electrical energy for using. Solar panel, usually be used as one fittings of PV solar system. A set of basic PV solar system is consisted of PV Solar panel, Solar regulator, solar inverter, and storage battery.

Solar panel can be used in roof PV solar systems, PV stations, building, and other electric generation application etc widely.

The mechanical and electrical installation of solar systems should be performed in accordance with all applicable coded; including electrical codes, building coded, and electric utility interconnect requirements.

Requirements may also vary with system voltage, and for DC or AC application.

How to Choose the installation angle of Solar Panel?

Solar Panel installation Mounting site
Solar Panel can be used on land except for corrosive salt area and sulfurous area.

Excluded applications include, but are not limited to, installations where Solar Panel are likely to come in contact with any salt water or where likely to become partially or wholly submerged in fresh or salt water, examples of which include use on boats, docks and buoys. Don’t install modules in a location where it would be immersed in water or continually exposed to water from a sprinkler or fountain etc.

Modules are designed for a maximum allowable design pressure of 50 pounds per square foot, about 2400Pa, which may correspond to a nominal wind speed of approximately 130 km/h in certain circumstances.

Actual maximum allowable wind speed may be influenced by module type, mounting configuration, location, and other factors. In no case should modules be exposed to pressures greater than 50 pounds per square foot of uniformly distributed wind, snow, or other loading.

Not install Solar Panel near naked flame or flammable materials.

When choosing a site, avoid trees, buildings or obstructions. Modules should be mounted to maximize direct exposure to sunlight and to eliminate or minimize shadowing. Even partial shadowing can substantially reduce module and system output. Furthermore, partial shadowing can elevate the shaded portion internal temperature, which may lower output and shorten module life.
Solar Panel Orientation of installations
Modules may be mounted at any angle from a vertical orientation to a horizontal one. The appropriate fixed tilt angle and azimuth orientation should be used in order to maximize the exposure to sunlight.

Incorrect orientation of modules installation will result in loss of power output. Modules connected in series should be installed at same orientation and angle. Different orientation or angle may cause loss of power output due to difference of amount of sunlight exposed to the modules.

In the Northern Hemisphere, Solar Panel should face south, and in the Southern Hemisphere, Solar Panel should face north.
Solar Panel tilt angle
Solar Panel produce the most power when they are pointed directly at the sun. For installations where Solar Panel are mounted to a permanent structure, Solar Panel should be titled for optimum winter performance. As a rule, if the PV system power production is adequate in the winter. It will be satisfactory during the rest of the year. The Solar Panel tilt angle is measured between the Solar Panel and the ground.
Use fasteners to fasten the Solar Panel to the mounting support structure. Solar Panel should be bolted to support structures through mounting holes located in the frame’s back flanges only. Stainless-steel bolts, with nuts, washers, and locks washers, are recommended for module mounting. Creation of additional holes for mounting is not recommended and will invalidate the warranty. Solar Panel should not be mounted by supports at the ends.

Mounting support structure should withstand forces from wind and snowfall pressure etc. Mounting support structure should use proper materials and corrosive treatment.

Installation the Solar Panel should has proper ventilation. A clearance of 4.5 inches (about 115mm) or more behind the Solar Panel is recommended to permit air circulation and cooler solar panel operation. Elevated temperatures lower operating voltage and power, and shorten solar panel lifetime. Clearance of 1/4 inch (6.35mm) or more between solar panel is required to allow for thermal expansion of the frames.

How to wire solar panel on installation ?

1)Blocking diodes

Blocking diodes can prevent nighttime battery discharging caused and prevent solar panel from loss of array output and being damaged or destroyed by reverse current flow.

Blocking diodes should be installed in series with each solar panel or series string to prevent possible back flow of energy through the solar panel when solar panel or strings are connected in parallel or used in conjunction with a battery.
2)Overcurrent protection
Whenever necessary to comply with local codes, use a fuse or circuit breaker, rated for the maximum series fuse rating of the module and the system voltage.

Always fuse the connections at the battery for safety. Refer to the solar panel rating label (on solar panel) for recommended fuse size. Also, refer to the charge controller owners manual.

All electrical components should have ratings equal or greater to the system rating. Do not exceed the maximum allowable system voltage as listed on the solar panel label.

3)Grounding
All solar panel frames should be grounded for safety. The support structure must also be grounded unless they are mechanically connected by nut and bolts to the grounded solar panel.

Attach a separate ground wire to grounding holes on solar panel frame with a self tapping screw. solar panel frame is provided with grounding holes. Stainless-steel bolts, with nuts, washers, and locks washers, are recommended for module grounding. The ground wire should be at least the same size as the electrical conductors, ground wires greater than 10AWG is recommended.
 
4)solar panel Wiring
solar panel are equipped with factory installed wires and quick connectors. Modules have been designed to be easily interconnected in series.
One solar panel has a pair of male and female waterproof cables and connectors for electrical connection, that are pre-wired inside the junction box. The cables have obvious marks of the positive and the negative.

The connectors at the opposite end of these wires allow easy series connection of adjacent solar panel by firmly inserting the male connector of a solar panel into the female connector of an adjacent solar panel until the connector is fully seated.

For a series electrical connection, should connect positive (+) connector of the first solar panel to the negative (-) connector of the following solar panel. For a parallel electrical connection, should connect positive (+) connector of the first solar panel to the positive (+) connector of the following solar panel.

The cable typically used to interconnect the solar panel should be stranded or solid copper single-conductor type, rated sunlight resistant, for solar panel and solar panel wiring that is exposed to weather, from 12AWG (4.0mm2) up to 14AWG(2.5mm2) gauge copper wire.

The maximum and minimum diameters of the cable that may be used with the cable connector are 8mm and 6mm respectively. A separate return wire or wires may be required to run the positive and negative terminations of the series string of modules to the load. Male and/or female connectors pre-attached to wires may be used at the string terminations for return wire connections and/or for source circuit box terminations. solar panel have bypass diode(s) installed.

How to Maintenance the Solar Panel?

It is not uncommon for a remote site to be checked but once per year. Under most conditions, normal rainfall is sufficient to keep the Solar Panel glass clean.

Clean the glass with a soft cloth using mild detergent and water. Solar Panel that are mounted, fiat ( 0°tilt andle) should be cleaned more often, as they will not self-clean as effectively as Solar Panel mounted at a 15°tilt or greater.

It is advisable to perform periodic inspection of the Solar Panel for damage to glass, backskin, frame and support structure. Check electrical connections for loose connections and corrosion. Check if mounting support structure and modules are loose. Check connections of cables, connectors, and grounding. Change Solar Panel must be the same kind and type, if need. Solar Panel can operate effectively without ever being washed, although removal of dirt from the front glass can increase output. The glass can be washed with a wet sponge or cloth, wear rubber gloves for electrical insulation.
 

Solar Panel Safety precautions

Solar Panel installation and operation should be performed by qualified personnel only. Children should not be allowed near the solar electric installation.

Avoid electrical hazards when installing, wiring, operating and maintaining the module. Solar Panel produce DC electricity when exposed to light and therefore can produce an electrical shock or burn. Solar Panel produce voltage even when not connected to an electrical circuit or load. Solar Panel produce nearly full voltage when exposed to as little as 5% of full sunlight and both current and power increase with light intensity. Do not touch live parts of cables and connectors. As an added precaution, use insulated tools and rubber gloves when working with Solar Panel in sunlight.

Fall of Solar Panel from high place will cause death, injury or damage. Do not drop Solar Panel or allow objects to fall on Solar Panel, never leave a Solar Panel unsupported or unsecured. If a module should fail, the glass can break a Solar Panel with broken glass cannot be repaired and must not be used.

When installing or working with Solar Panel or wiring, cover module face completely with opaque material to halt production of electricity. Solar Panel have no on/off switch. Solar Panel when exposed to sunlight generate high voltage and are dangerous, Solar Panel can be rendered inoperative only by removing them from sunlight, or by fully covering the front surface with opaque cloth, cardboard, or other completely opaque material, or by working with Solar Panel face down on a smooth, flat surface when installing or maintaining.

Do not artificially concentrate sunlight on the Solar Panel.

Solar Panel can produce higher output than the rated specifications. Industry standard ratings are made at conditions of 1000W/aZ¡ and 25a,ƒ cell temperature. Reflection from snow or water can increase sunlight and therefore boost current and power. In addition, colder temperatures can substantially increase voltage and power.

Solar Panel are intended for use in terrestrial applications only, thus excluding aerospace or maritime conditions or use with sunlight concentration.

It is recommended that the Solar Panel remains packed in the box until time of installation.

Work only under dry conditions, with a dry Solar Panel and tools, since sparks may be produced, do not install Solar Panel where flammable gases or vapors are present.

Do not drill holes into Solar Panel frame as it will void warranty. Solar Panel ate constructed frame as it will void warranty.
Handled with care, if the front glass is broken or if the polymer backskin is tom, contact with any module surface or the frame can produce electrical shock. Particularly when the Solar Panel is wet, broken or damaged modules must be disposed of properly. Do not disassemble, bend, impact by sharp objects, walk on, and throw or drop etc. keep back surface free from foreign objects. Avoid sharp edges.

Use Solar Panel for its intended function only follows all Solar Panel manufacturers’ instructions. Do not disassemble the module, or remove any part or label installed by the manufacturer. Do not treat the back of the Solar Panel with paint or adhesives.

If not otherwise specified, it is recommended that requirements of the latest local, national or regional electrical codes be followed.

Retain this installation manual for future reference.

Notes
The electrical characteristics are within ±5 percent of the indicated values of Isc, Voc, and Pmax under standard test conditions (irradiance of 100mW/aZ2, AM 1.5 spectrum, and a cell temperature of 25a,ƒ(77°F).

Under normal conditions, a photovoltaic Solar Panel is likely to experience conditions that produce more current and/or voltage than reported at standard test conditions. Accordingly, the values of Isc and Voc marked on this module should be multiplied by a factor of 1.25 when determining component voltage ratings, conductor ampacities, fuse sizes, and size of controls connected to the PV output.

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Solar panels can lower your energy costs and are rather easily installed, with a little construction and electrical knowledge. Here’s how to do it.

Solar panel will be the aspect of the solar power product that in fact gathers the power from your sun. The panels are developed up of photovoltaic tissue that transform the sun’s power to immediate existing power that is often applied for heating system or to energy appliances. The power is then sent straight to an appliance or other device, or is saved inside a power supply lender for long term use. Panels commonly measure around 1.5 ft by three feet, and can provide about 75 watts of power if situated in total sun.
Typically the panels are installed around the roof of the building. However, they is often installed over a stand-alone rack if necessary. one of the most crucial thing to consider is just how much sunshine the panel are certain to get while in the area you choose. Solar panels drop effectiveness easily in even a partially shaded location, so go with a area that receives total sunshine for as prolonged as achievable each and every day. The panels ought to be oriented for the to the south if whatsoever possible. The 2nd most effective preference would be to deal with the panels for the west or east, but you are heading to have to take advantage of additional panels in purchase to acquire identical level of energy. never ever deal with the panels for the north.
Be positive to acquire any important setting up permits just before setting up the panels. examine together with your community setting up or zoning department to locate out what are the needs are with your community. if you occur to don’t have the permits just before the set up or don’t total the set up in accordance with community setting up codes, you may likely be forced to tear out all of your very hard operate and commence again.

The panels ought to be tilted to attain the optimum level of sun. The stage of tilt is dependent around the latitude at which they may be installed. Panels set up at 0 to 15 degrees latitude really should have a very 15-degree tilt. Panels set up at 15 to twenty five degrees latitude really should have a very tilt that could be the very same since the latitude. For each and every supplemental 5 degrees of latitude as much as 40 degrees, include an added five degrees of tilt for the latitude. At latitudes of 40 degrees and above, include twenty degrees of tilt for the latitude.
Mounts ought to be inserted about 48 inches aside and ought to be situated straight on major of the rafter, if whatsoever possible. If a rafter just isn’t accessible with the mount site, the mount is often connected to some prevent of wooden inserted around the underside for this roof. don’t attach the mount straight for the plywood sheathing for this roof. locate rafters using a stud finder. preserve the mounts inside a right line, utilizing a laser beam sight or probably a chalk line.
Drill a hole using a pilot little bit to insure that which you don’t separation the rafter. Then protected the bottom for this mounts for the roof, utilizing stainless metal lag bolts. Thread the submit for this mount into its base. make positive to spot roof flashing throughout each and every mount to avoid leaks while in the roof. up coming fasten steel rails for the mounts with stainless metal bolts. total the racking product by connecting aluminum solar racks for the steel rails.
Make positive how the finished rack product will grant the solar panels being no much less than 3 to 6 inches away the roof. The panels will run additional effectively if there’s sufficient airflow below and close to them.
Solar panels may likely be preassembled in groups. This can make the set up less complicated and quicker, as there are actually much less person models to cope with up around the roof. protected the solar panels for the racking product while using restraining hardware provided while using panels. each and every maker has their individual hardware, particularly constructed for his or her individual panels. analyze the panels to produce positive that they may be anchored securely. Make positive how the together the solar panel and also the racking methods are effectively grounded in accordance while using community electric codes.
Interconnect the solar panels by starting the junction penalty area around the back again of each and every panel and attaching the wires for the correct good and unfavorable terminal screws while in the box, getting clear of one-half inch of insulation from your finishes for this wires first. The wire will operate involving panels as a result of the knockouts in each and every box. operate the wire from your last panel to some distinct array junction box. The wire is then operate as a result of electric conduit for the up coming electric aspect for this system, this type of since the cost controller. near all junction boxes. Your solar panel array really should grant you several many years of satisfying service.

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Solar panels can be a great help to sailors, keeping vital lights and appliances functioning, even when batteries run low or a generator malfunctions. They are also a much quieter way of recharging batteries!

Learning how to install marine solar panels will be vital for the sailor who wants their advantages, but first he or she must learn which solar panels are best. Three types of solar cells are commonly used in solar panels, each with its own advantages. The sailor needs to learn these advantages and select the solar panels that are best for the need.

Types of Solar Panels

Solar panels must be kept from shading, as shaded cells draw energy for themselves from other cells.

1. Solar panels using monocrystalline cells have high conversion efficiency, and take up less space, but lack shade protection.

2. Solar panels using polycrystalline cells have even higher conversion efficiency, take up even less space, but still lack shade protection.

3. Solar panels using amorphous silicon cells have lower conversion efficiency, and take up more space, but do have shade protection. This can be especially important on a sailboat.

Marine solar panels are available in both hard and flexible types. Hard solar panels can be attached to the deck, while flexible solar panels might be attached to deck or canvas.

Size and Number of Solar Panels

Learning how to install marine solar panels will include calculations to determine what size and how many solar panels you will need. This information is readily available on the Internet by searching the question: “What size solar panel do I need” on your favorite search engine. The rule of thumb is to allow for 20% more solar panel power than you estimate you will need.

Placement of Solar Panels

Once you have determined the size and number of solar panels needed, you will be better able to determine where they will be placed. The best places depend on the boat’s configuration and size of the panels. Take your time and think it through. Read the instructions that came with your solar panels. You will want to avoid all violations of warranty terms.

The simple answer to how to install marine solar panels is: in the sun. Select locations that will get maximum sunlight without shaded spots.

In placing marine solar panels, consider the use of extra bars/braces to secure the panels. You obviously want them to remain stable.

How to Install Marine Solar Panels

Your marine solar panels should have clear instructions for installation. In addition to those, consider the following.

Most marine solar panel systems have three main components:

1. Solar panels to collect sunlight and produce a charge for you.

2. Charge controller to regulate the charge entering your battery and avoid overcharging it.

3. Batteries to store the energy your solar panels created.

Once marine solar panels have charged your batteries, you can use that energy to run most 12 volt DC appliances. These might include your safety lights, regular lighting, pumps, and fans, as well as small appliances. If you add an inverter, you can also run 120 volt AC appliances such as a microwave, radio, satellite dish, or radio. An inverter is a separate unit, not mentioned above, that transforms the current coming out of the battery into that required by most appliances.

First off, check to see that the system has a voltmeter. If it does not, purchase and install one. This will allow you to check the charge you are getting.

Affix your solar panels securely in place, and connect them per the instructions included in your kit. Use only tinned marine grade wire running from the panels to the batteries. If you are unsure of the wire you are considering, ask questions. Regular automotive wire may look similar, but in marine conditions, it will lose its ability to conduct electrical power.

Helpful Tip

Pre-packaged marine solar panel kits take the guesswork out of installation.

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